India’s 6GHz Spectrum Dilemma

Syllabus: GS3/Science and Technology

Context

• India is currently grappling with a significant decision regarding the allocation and use of the 6GHz spectrum band that has far-reaching implications for the country’s technological advancement, economic growth, and global competitiveness.

Spectrum Management

• Spectrum is a finite resource that is essential for wireless communication. Effective spectrum management is crucial to ensure that this resource is used efficiently and equitably. 
• In India, the Telecom Regulatory Authority of India (TRAI) and the Department of Telecommunications (DoT) are responsible for spectrum allocation and regulation.

Spectrum – It refers to the invisible radio frequencies that wireless signals travel over. These are only a portion of what is called the electromagnetic spectrum. – These are grouped in ‘bands’ depending on their wavelengths, the distance over which the wave’s shape repeats, ranges from 3 Hz (extremely low frequency) to 300 EHz (gamma rays). – The portion used for wireless communication lies within that space and ranges from about 20 KHz to 300 GHz.

Key Spectrum Bands

• 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz: These bands are widely used for WiFi and other wireless communication technologies in India and throughout the world.
  • 2.4GHz has limited data bandwidth, but has a larger area with coverage. 
  • 5GHz is significantly faster, but covers a shorter distance.

• This state of WiFi technology remained the same well into the introduction of WiFi 6 that uses both 2.4GHz and 5GHz frequencies simultaneously, with greater efficiency, resulting in better speeds.
• 6 GHz (WiFi 6E): It allows and brings up theoretical maximum speeds to 9.6Gbps.
  • It relied on the band of spectrum between 5,925MHz and 7,125MHz, known as 6GHz spectrum.
• Globally, In many countries, including Japan, Mexico, South Korea, Taiwan, United Arab Emirates, the U.K., and the U.S., the 6GHz spectrum has been de-licensed for Wi-Fi use, allowing for enhanced WiFi capabilities and faster internet speeds.
• India and China have not yet approved the use of this spectrum for Wi-Fi, leading to a regulatory impasse.

Current Status in India

• In India, the 6GHz band is currently allocated to the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) for satellite communications.
  • This allocation has created a bottleneck for telecom operators and technology firms eager to leverage this spectrum for WiFi and 5G services. 
• The Cellular Operators’ Association of India (COAI) has emphasised the importance of this spectrum for meeting the targets of the National Broadband Mission and ensuring cost-efficient deployment of 5G networks.
• The World Radiocommunications Conference has extended the deadline for countries to decide on the use of the 6GHz spectrum until 2027.

Debate Over the 6GHz Spectrum

• Telecom Operators vs. Technology Firms: Telecom operators argue that the 6GHz band is essential for expanding 5G services and meeting future data demands.
  • On the other hand, technology firms advocate for its use in WiFi to support the growing number of connected devices and high-speed internet requirements.
• Economic Implications: Allocating the 6GHz band for unlicensed use could significantly reduce the costs associated with 5G deployment.
  • However, retaining it for satellite communications might limit the potential for technological innovation and economic growth.
• Global Standards and Competitiveness: Many countries, including the U.S., U.K., and South Korea, have already adopted policies to delist the 6GHz band for unlicensed use.
  • India’s delay in making a decision could impact its global competitiveness and ability to attract investments in the tech sector.

Potential Solutions

• Partial Delisting: Allowing a portion of the 6GHz band for unlicensed use while retaining some for satellite communications.
• Phased Implementation: Gradually transitioning the 6GHz band for unlicensed use, providing time for stakeholders to adapt.
• International Collaboration: Engaging with global regulatory bodies to align India’s policies with international standards and best practices.

Conclusion

• India’s decision on the 6GHz spectrum will have a profound impact on its technological landscape. 
• Striking the right balance between the needs of telecom operators, technology firms, and satellite communications is crucial for fostering innovation, economic growth, and global competitiveness.

Source: TH