Artesian Condition

Syllabus: GS1/ Physical Geography

In News

• Jaisalmer witnessed a unique natural event when artesian water began gushing to the surface, providing a striking example of artesian conditions.

What is Artesian Condition?

• An artesian condition occurs when groundwater is confined under pressure between layers of impermeable rocks, creating what is known as an artesian aquifer.

Factors Leading to Artesian Condition

• Confined Aquifer: Water is trapped between layers of impermeable rock, making it difficult for water to escape.
• Pressure Gradient: The natural geological pressure from the weight of overlying rock layers creates the internal pressure within the aquifer.
• Rupture or Drilling: When the confining layer is punctured, such as through drilling, the built-up pressure is released, forcing the water upward.

How does it work?

• Once the top impermeable layer is breached, artesian water flows naturally to the surface, propelled by the internal pressure of the aquifer. The water can gush forcefully, depending on the depth and pressure within the aquifer.

Global Examples

• Artois, France: Artesian wells in this region were among the first to be documented during the Middle Ages.
• Australia: Artesian wells are common in the dry central areas, helping support agriculture in otherwise dry regions.
• Africa: Certain regions of Africa, especially in desert areas, rely on artesian wells to access groundwater.

Significance

• Water Source in Arid Regions: Artesian wells are particularly significant in desert and arid regions, where water is scarce. The natural flow of artesian water can provide a reliable water source without the need for energy-intensive pumps.
• Agricultural Utility: Artesian wells enable irrigation in places with limited access to surface water, allowing crops to be watered without the need for machinery.
• Geological Insight: Artesian conditions help scientists study subsurface water distribution, hydrology, and the overall geological makeup of a region.

Source: IE