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- Human Development Report 2021-22 was recently released.
Human Development Index
- Human Development Index is a composite index given by the report that measures average achievement in human development taking into account four indicators:
- Life expectancy at birth (Sustainable Development Goal 3);
- Expected years of schooling (SDG 4.3);
- Mean years of schooling (SDG 4.4); and
- Gross national income (GNI) per capita (2017 PPP$) (SDG 8.5).
Report Highlights
- Global scenario:
- A combination of the COVID-19 pandemic, Russia’s invasion of Ukraine and climate crises has dragged down the human development score in 90 percent of the countries.
- This reduction has reversed much of the progress toward the Sustainable Development Goals.
- A large contributor to the Human Development Index’s recent decline is a global drop in life expectancy, down from 72.8 years in 2019 to 71.4 years in 2021.
- A combination of the COVID-19 pandemic, Russia’s invasion of Ukraine and climate crises has dragged down the human development score in 90 percent of the countries.
- India’s position:
- India’s rank on the Human Development Index has slipped from 130 in 2020 to 132 in 2021, in line with a global fall in HDI scores in the wake of the Covid-19 pandemic.
- India’s HDI value:
- India’s HDI value stood at 0.633 during 2021, which was lower than the world average of 0.732.
- In 2020, too, India recorded a decline in its HDI value (0.642) in comparison to the pre-Covid level of 2019 (0.645).
- India’s HDI value stood at 0.633 during 2021, which was lower than the world average of 0.732.
- Indicator-specific values:
- 2021:
- India’s life expectancy at birth was recorded at 67.2 years;
- Expected years of schooling at 11.9 years;
- Mean years of schooling at 6.7 years; and
- Gross national income per capita (2017 PPP) at $6,590.
- 2022:
- On all these four parameters, India was behind the world averages in 2021:
- Life expectancy at 71.4 years,
- Expected years of schooling at 12.8 years,
- Mean years of schooling at 8.6 years and
- Gross national income per capita (2017 PPP$) at $16,752.
- 2021:
- Reasons behind India’s drop:
- Like global trends, in India’s case, the drop in HDI from 0.645 in 2019 to 0.633 in 2021 can be attributed to falling life expectancy.
- Parameters where India showed improvement:
- The report highlighted some areas where India showed improvement.
- Inequality:
- Compared to 2019, the impact of inequality on human development is lower.
- India is bridging the human development gap between men and women faster than the world.
- This development has come at a smaller cost to the environment.
- Health and education:
- The intergovernmental organisation lauded India’s investment in health and education, helping it come closer to the global human development average since 1990.
- Clean water, sanitation and affordable clean energy:
- The country is improving access to clean water, sanitation and affordable clean energy.
- Vulnerable population:
- According to the UN recent policy decisions made by the country have increased access to social protection for the vulnerable population groups, it highlighted.
Human Development Index (HDI)
Sustainable Development Goals
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Source: TH
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