Nanopore Technology

Syllabus: GS3/ S&T

In News

• Nanopore technology is a revolutionary method for analyzing single molecules, particularly DNA and RNA.

How nanopore technology works?

• Nanopore Creation: A single or a few tiny pores are embedded in a membrane, which can be made of materials like silicon, graphene, or biological membranes (such as lipid bilayers).
• Molecule Passage: Molecules, such as DNA strands, are driven through these nanopores, often by applying an electric field. As the molecule passes through, it partially obstructs the flow of ions.
• Signal Detection: The obstruction creates a change in electrical current that is proportional to the size and structure of the molecule. This can reveal vital information such as:
  • The sequence of bases in DNA or RNA
  • The size of proteins or other large molecules
  • The conformation or shape of the molecule

Advantages of Nanopore Technology

• High Resolution: Offers detailed insights into molecular properties.
• Real-time Analysis: Molecules can be analyzed as they pass through the nanopore, providing dynamic data.
• No PCR or Amplification Required: Unlike traditional sequencing methods, nanopore technology can directly analyze DNA without the need for PCR amplification, making the process faster and more efficient.

Applications

• DNA Sequencing: It allows for the rapid, cost-effective sequencing of genomes, enabling advances in personalized medicine and genetic research.
• Protein Analysis: Nanopores can be used to study proteins and their interactions, providing insights into diseases and biological processes.
• Biomarker Detection: This technology is useful for detecting biomarkers in biological fluids, paving the way for non-invasive diagnostics.
• Environmental and Food Safety Testing: Nanopore technology can be applied to detect contaminants in food and water, aiding in health and safety.

Source: Earth.com