Syllabus: GS3/ Economy
In News
- In response to tight liquidity conditions in the banking system, the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has announced a liquidity infusion initiative using two Open Market Operations (OMOs) and a USD/INR Buy/Sell Swap auction.
Background
- Liquidity conditions have been strained since November 2024 due to tax outflows, foreign portfolio investor (FPI) withdrawals, and RBI’s forex interventions. With banks facing a liquidity crunch, these measures seek to stabilize the money supply and promote smoother credit flow.
- This move aims to ease financial constraints, support lending, and ensure economic stability.
About Open Market Operations (OMO) & Dollar Currency Swap
- Open Market Operations (OMO): OMO refers to the buying or selling of Government Securities (G-Secs) in the open market to regulate liquidity and interest rates.
- RBI buys G-Secs, increasing high-powered money, which boosts liquidity. High-powered money includes commercial bank reserves and currency held by the public.
- RBI sells G-Secs, reducing money supply, tightening liquidity.
- US Dollar-Indian Rupee Swap Auction: A USD/INR Buy/Sell Swap involves:
- Banks selling US dollars to RBI now and agreeing to buy them back later at a pre-determined rate.
- Conducted via auction, where banks quote swap rates (forward premium/discount), and the lowest bidder is accepted first.
Why is Liquidity Infusion Needed?
- Since November 2024, liquidity challenges have emerged due to:
- Tax outflows reducing cash availability in the banking system.
- Significant FPI selling in Indian equities, leading to capital outflows.
- RBI’s forex market interventions to stabilize the rupee, which drained rupee liquidity.
Significance of RBI’s Liquidity Infusion
- Eases lending conditions for banks, improving credit flow.
- Stabilizes interest rates, preventing sudden spikes in borrowing costs.
- Enhances market confidence, reassuring investors and businesses.
- Encourages policy effectiveness, ensuring rate cuts are passed on to borrowers.
- Boosting economic growth by supporting consumption and investment.
Concerns and Risks
- Inflationary pressures: Excess liquidity may push inflation higher.
- Depreciation risk: Forex swaps could lead to rupee weakening if excess liquidity is not managed well.
- Uneven liquidity distribution: Large banks may benefit more than smaller financial institutions.
| Other Liquidity Measures Used by RBI – Quantitative Tools (directly impacting money supply): 1. Liquidity Adjustment Facility (LAF): Repo & Reverse Repo to regulate short-term liquidity. 2. Cash Reserve Ratio (CRR): Minimum cash reserves banks must hold. 3. Statutory Liquidity Ratio (SLR): Percentage of net demand and time liabilities (NDTL) to be maintained in G-Secs. 4. Bank Rate: Long-term borrowing rate influencing credit expansion. – Qualitative Tools (indirect regulation of credit flow): 1. Credit Rationing: Restricting lending to certain sectors. 2. Moral Suasion: Persuading banks to follow RBI guidelines. 3. Selective Credit Control (SCC): Controlling credit for speculative activities. 4. Margin Requirement: Adjusting the collateral needed for loans. |
Source: ET
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