News In Short-18-03-2025

Buddhist Thematic Circuit under Swadesh Darshan Scheme

Syllabus: GS1/ Culture

In Context

• The Ministry of Tourism, through its Swadesh Darshan (SD) Scheme and Pilgrimage Rejuvenation and Spiritual, Heritage Augmentation Drive (PRASHAD) Scheme, is actively promoting Buddhist Tourism in India. 

About

• The Buddhist Circuit has been identified as one of the thematic circuits for development under Swadesh Darshan. 
• The 1st Asian Buddhist Summit (ABS) was held in collaboration with the International Buddhist Confederation (IBC), New Delhi, fostering religious and cultural cooperation among Asian nations.

Buddhist Tourism and Development Initiatives

• Swadesh Darshan Scheme (SD)
  • Launched: 2014-15.
  • Objective: Integrated development of thematic tourist circuits across India.
  • Buddhist Circuit: Recognized as one of the thematic circuits under this scheme.
  • Funding: Provides financial assistance to State Governments/UTs for infrastructure development.
• PRASHAD Scheme (Pilgrimage Rejuvenation and Spiritual Heritage Augmentation Drive)
  • Launched: 2014-15.
  • Objective: Development of pilgrimage and heritage destinations to promote religious tourism.
  • Focus on Buddhist Sites: Enhances connectivity, facilities, and spiritual tourism experiences at important Buddhist pilgrimage sites.
• Conservation Efforts by Archaeological Survey of India (ASI)
  • Mandate: Protects and preserves Buddhist monuments and sites.
  • Activities Undertaken:
    • Conservation of protected Buddhist sites.
    • Development of visitor amenities such as toilets, drinking water, parking, pathways, signage, benches, ramps, and wheelchairs.

Key Buddhist Sites in India Under Development

• Lumbini (Nepal): Buddha’s Birthplace (linked to Indian Buddhist sites).
• Bodh Gaya (Bihar):  Buddha’s Enlightenment Site.
• Sarnath (Uttar Pradesh): First Sermon.
• Kushinagar (Uttar Pradesh): Buddha’s Mahaparinirvana.
• Rajgir & Nalanda (Bihar): Buddhist Learning Centers.
• Sanchi (Madhya Pradesh): Stupas and Monuments.

Significance of Buddhist Tourism Development

• Boosts India’s Soft Power: Strengthens India’s cultural and historical Buddhist heritage on a global stage.
• Enhances Religious & Spiritual Tourism: Encourages Buddhist pilgrims and tourists, particularly from China, Japan, Sri Lanka, Thailand, and Myanmar.
• Economic Benefits: Generates employment, revenue, and infrastructure development in tourist regions.
• Preserves Heritage: Ensures conservation and upkeep of ancient Buddhist monuments.

Source: PIB

First-ever Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj temple in Bhiwandi

Syllabus :GS 1/History 

In News 

• Maharashtra Chief Minister Devendra Fadnavis inaugurated the first grand temple dedicated to Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj in Bhiwandi, Thane.

About temple

• The temple is designed by architect Vijaykumar Patil and it spans 2,500 square feet with a 5,000 square foot fort-like boundary. 
• It houses a 6.5-foot statue of Shivaji Maharaj sculpted by Arun Yogiraj who also crafted the Ram temple idol in Ayodhya.
• The temple’s design incorporates fort elements, including a 42-foot entrance, bastions, and surveillance pathways. 
• Inside the boundary, 36 sections showcase sculptures of key moments from Shivaji Maharaj’s life.

Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj

• Shivaji was born in 1627 at Shivneri.
• He  was the key figure in the rise of Maratha power. 
• He is remembered as a benevolent ruler, known for his integrity, religious tolerance, patriotism, and focus on public welfare. 
• Shivaji’s governance focused on Hindu self-rule (Hindavi Swarajya) and national independence. 
• His administrative innovations, including the formation of the “Astapradhan” council of ministers, were based on ancient Hindu political concepts. 
• He abolished hereditary offices and ensured the welfare of peasants by keeping middlemen in check. 

Source :IE

Digitization of Cultural Heritage in India

Syllabus: GS1/ Art & Culture

In Context

• The National Mission on Monuments and Antiquities (NMMA) aims to create a comprehensive national database, ensuring the preservation of India’s rich cultural legacy.

About

• India is one of the largest repositories of tangible heritage, with monuments, sites, and antiquities spanning from prehistoric times to the colonial era.
• While various organizations like the ASI, State Archaeology Departments, and INTACH have documented parts of this heritage, much remains scattered or undocumented. The absence of a unified database makes research, conservation, and management challenging.

National Mission on Monuments and Antiquities (NMMA)

• About: Established in 2007, the NMMA is responsible for the digitization and documentation of India’s built heritage and antiquities.
• Budget Allocation: Rs. 20 lakh were allocated for NMMA in the FY 2024-25.
• Objectives: Documenting and creating a national database of built heritage, monuments, and antiquities for better management and research.
• Enhancing collaboration between the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI), state departments, and other stakeholders.

What is an Ancient monument? – As per the AMASR Act 1958, “Ancient monument” means any structure, erection, or monument, or any tumulus or place of internment, or any cave, rock sculpture, inscription, or monolith, which is of historical, archaeological, or artistic interest and which has been in existence for not less than one hundred years. Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains Act 1958 – It was enacted by the Parliament with an aim “to provide for the preservation of ancient and historical monuments and archaeological sites and remains of national importance, for the regulation of archaeological excavations and for the protection of sculptures, carvings, and other like objects.

Role of Digital Technologies in Heritage Preservation

• 3D scanning & photogrammetry create precise digital models of ancient structures & artifacts. It prevents loss due to aging, environmental damage, or disasters.
  • For example: Ajanta Caves & Hampi have been digitally mapped for conservation.
• AI-based restoration techniques rebuild historically significant sites.
  • Example: Nalanda University & Hampi’s Virupaksha Temple have been virtually reconstructed.
• AI algorithms analyze ancient scripts, paintings, and artifacts for historical research.
  • Example: The Bakhshali Manuscript (earliest recorded use of zero) was digitally enhanced for study.

Source: PIB

Saffron

Syllabus: GS3/ S&T

In News

• India has identified the Northeast region as the next saffron cultivation hub after Jammu & Kashmir’s Pampore, under the Mission Saffron initiative.

Mission Saffron Initiative

• Launched: 2010-11 (initially for Jammu & Kashmir).
• Objective: Promote saffron cultivation by providing financial, technical, and infrastructural support.
• Expansion: Since 2021, it has been expanded to the Northeast (Sikkim, Arunachal Pradesh, Meghalaya) under the “Saffron Bowl Project” by NECTAR.
  • The Northeast is seen as a potential alternative for saffron cultivation due to its suitable agro-climatic conditions.
  • Expanding saffron farming ensures better supply and price stability.

About Saffron Cultivation

• Scientific Name: Crocus sativus (Saffron Crocus).
• Part Used: The stigma of the flower, which is dried to produce saffron.
• Ideal Growing Conditions:
  • Altitude: 2,000 meters above sea level.
  • Soil Type: Loamy, sandy, or calcareous soils with a pH range of 6-8.
  • Climate:
    • Summer temperature: Below 40°C.
    • Winter temperature: As low as -20°C.
  • Requires a dry to moderate climate with well-drained soil.
• Current Production:
  • Kashmir saffron (grown in Pampore, Pulwama, and Budgam) holds a Geographical Indication (GI) tag.
  • India’s saffron production is currently limited, making imports necessary to meet demand.

North East Centre for Technology Application and Reach (NECTAR)

• Established: 2014.
• Governing Body: Autonomous institute under the Department of Science and Technology (DST), Government of India.
• Functions:
  • Promotes technology-driven solutions for agriculture, infrastructure, and economic development in the Northeast.
  • Implementing Agency for the Saffron Bowl Project in the region.

Source: PIB

Reinsurance

Syllabus: GS3/ Economy

In News

• The Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority of India (IRDAI) has approved the first private reinsurance company, Valueattics Reinsurance.

What is Reinsurance?

• Definition: Reinsurance is a risk management mechanism where an insurance company transfers a portion of its risk to another insurance company, called a reinsurer.
  • This helps insurers mitigate financial losses arising from large claims, such as natural disasters or major accidents.
• Regulated by: IRDAI, under the Insurance Act, 1938 and IRDAI (Re-Insurance) Regulations, 2018.
• Significance: Protects insurers from insolvency due to large payouts, risk diversification & promotes market growth. 

Source: BS

India’s Goods Trade Deficit 

Syllabus: GS3/Economy

Context

• According to data from the Ministry of Commerce and Industry, India’s goods trade deficit has reached a 42-month low, standing at $14.05 billion in February 2025.

Key Factors Behind the Decline

• Reduced Gold and Silver Imports: Gold and silver imports fell to $2.7 billion, the lowest since June 2024.

• Lower Crude Oil Imports: Crude oil imports were valued at $11.89 billion, marking a 30% reduction compared to the same period last year.
  • It is linked to falling international crude prices and reduced domestic demand.

• Overall Import Contraction: Total imports dropped to a 22-month low of $50.9 billion, reflecting a 16.3% year-on-year decline.
  • It spans across various sectors, including pearls, precious stones, and coal.

Implications for the Economy

• Strengthened Trade Position: The narrowing trade deficit reflects improved trade management and reduced dependency on imports, bolstering India’s economic stability.
• Currency Stability: A lower trade deficit can ease pressure on the Indian rupee, contributing to currency stability amidst global uncertainties.
• Policy Implications: The data underscores the effectiveness of government policies aimed at reducing import dependency and promoting domestic production.

Source: TH

Impact of Heat Waves on  Wheat Production Cycle

Syllabus :GS 3/Economy 

In News

• India experienced its hottest February in 124 years and is anticipating higher-than-normal temperatures in March, which coincides with the wheat harvest season.

Wheat Production in India

• Wheat is a rabi crop grown in northern states like Punjab, Haryana, and Uttar Pradesh. 
• Sown between October and December, it is harvested from February to April.
• Wheat is important for farmers’ food security, as part of the crop is kept for household consumption.
• The government set a wheat procurement target of 30 million tonnes for 2025–26, despite aiming for record production.

Latest Reports 

• Warming Indian Ocean could lead to prolonged heat waves and alter India’s monsoon patterns, delaying the rabi crop season.
• Delayed sowing of wheat could result in the overlap of heat waves with crucial growth stages, further affecting yields.

Impact of Heat Waves on  Wheat Production Cycle

• Heat causes early flowering, faster ripening, and reduced grain size and starch content, which lowers wheat yield and quality.
• High temperatures lead to higher protein but lower starch in grains, making them harder and affecting milling quality, which may lower market prices.
• Farmers may overuse fertilizers and pesticides in response to low yields, which can lead to inefficient resource use.

Suggestions 

• Climate-resilient wheat varieties, better agricultural management, and timely sowing can mitigate the impacts of heat stress.
• Long-term solutions should include improved farming practices, weather monitoring, and policies supporting heat-resistant varieties.

Source: TH

‘Microlightning’ in Water Droplets

Syllabus: GS 3/Science and Tech 

In News

• According to a new study, the origins of life on Earth may have been influenced by natural processes like crashing waterfalls or breaking waves.

Key Findings of recent study 

• The study found that “microlightning,” or tiny sparks  formed when oppositely charged water droplets come into proximity and they  can generate organic compounds like hydrogen cyanide, glycine, and uracil. 
• The study suggests that on early Earth, ubiquitous water sprays, such as from waves or waterfalls, could have produced the necessary organic molecules, potentially overcoming the challenges associated with the Miller-Urey hypothesis.

The Miller-Urey Hypothesis

• It was proposed in 1952 by Stanley Miller and Harold Urey.
• They demonstrated that organic compounds necessary for life could form when electricity (like lightning) interacted with a mixture of water and gases like methane, ammonia, and hydrogen.
• But they faced criticism as lightning was considered infrequent and ineffective in oceanic environments.

Source: IE

Pi (π) Day

Syllabus: GS3/Science

Context

• Every year on March 14, the world celebrates Pi Day, a tribute to the mathematical constant π (pi).
  • Date (3/14) reflects the first three digits of pi i.e. 3.14.

About the Pi (π)

• Pi (π) is a mathematical constant that represents the ratio of a circle’s circumference to its diameter.
• It is an irrational number, meaning it cannot be expressed as a finite fraction or a terminating decimal. 
• Pi is approximately equal to 3.14159, but its decimal representation continues infinitely without repetition or pattern.
• Pi has been known since ancient times and plays a crucial role in fields like geometry, trigonometry, physics, and engineering.

Why is Pi Day Celebrated?

• Mathematical Significance: Pi appears in formulas for circles, waves, and many natural phenomena.
• Promoting STEM Education: Pi Day serves as an opportunity to promote interest in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM).
• Historical Coincidence: Pi day coincides with the birth anniversary of Albert Einstein (March 14, 1879).

Source: TH